The Pharmakos – The Ancient Greek Scapegoat
The Pharmakos – the Ancient Greek Scapegoat
The expression “scapegoat”, known as the “pharmakos”, in ancient Greece, describes an innocent person or group who is blamed and usually punished in some way for other people’s wrong-doings or problems.
They are accused without any evidence whatsoever with which to back up the allegation; a whipping boy or fall guy if you will.
This practice is nothing new the ancient Greeks held yearly rituals during the “Thargelia”, one of the chief Athenian festivals, where a pharmakos, in other words a blameless citizen, paid the price for the sins of others.
If that was not bad enough they even took the blame for natural disasters!
Origins of the Term Scapegoat
The Yom Kippur Scapegoat
The term scapegoat originates from a Hebrew ritual where each year a priest symbolically handed over the sins of the people of Israel to a goat.
The story of the scapegoat is told in the book of Leviticus in the Old Testament.
God informs the people of Israel about the need for an annual Day of Atonement (also known as Yom Kippur) and orders Aaron, the High Priest, to choose two goats, which together, will count as one sin offering.
The goat is then to be thrown off a cliff outside the city of Jerusalem.
The ritual was originally enacted to appease the fallen angel, Azazel, who was now a demon roaming in the wilderness.
In this way the sins of the people of Israel had, symbolically, been transferred to the goat.
“Then Aaron shall lay both his hands on the head of the live goat, and confess over it all the iniquities of the people of Israel, and all their transgressions, all their sins, putting them on the head of the goat, and sending it away into the wilderness by means of someone designated for the task. The goat shall bear on itself all their iniquities to a barren region; and the goat shall be set free in the wilderness.”
Leviticus 16:21–22, New Revised Standard Version
The Scapegoat by William Holman Hunt, 1854.
This Hebrew ritual was an earlier version of the Christian scapegoat in which Jesus Christ, the Lamb of God, by being crucified is taking away the sins of the world.
William Holman Hunt – Shadow Of Death and The Scapegoat 1870 – 73.
The Lamb of God (Latin – Agnus Dei), is an allusion to Christ’s title as recorded in John’s Gospel (John 1: 29) when John the Baptist describes Jesus as “The Lamb of God who takes away the sin of the World”:
“Lamb of God, you take away the sin of the world, have mercy on us.
Lamb of God, you take away the sin of the world, have mercy on us.
Lamb of God, you take away the sin of the world, grant us peace.”
The Scapegoat in Ancient Greece
Sacrifice of Iphigenia. Antique fresco from Pompeii, probably a copy of a painting by Timanthes.
Ancient Greeks believed that to sacrifice of a couple of individuals was enough to save a whole society from catastrophe in the way before civilization the herd sacrificed its weakest members in order to survive.
“Scapegoating”, back in ancient Greece usually occurred when times were extremely tough, such as during periods of famine, drought, or plague, when they feared for their survival.
Ideally and what is usually suggested in ancient Greek tales, is that a person of high standing, or high importance, such as a king or ruler should be the one to be sacrificed in order to avert total catastrophe.
Now generally no person of power was about to offer up either himself or his family as a sacrifice for his country or his people.
Therefore the scapegoat would be chosen from the lower classes, a criminal, slave or a poor person for example.
The sacrificial ceremony
Before the sacrificial ceremony these unfortunates would be treated, at the expense of the public, as kings, or queens.
They would be decked out in fine clothes, fed on only gourmet dishes, figs, barley cakes and cheese being the choice of the day.
The rituals varied, in some places the scapegoat, the pharmakos, was simply exiled from the city, whilst in others they were known to be stoned to death, burned, or thrown off a cliff.
Historians argue about what actually happened during the sacrificing of scapegoats, some state no one was actually executed whilst others were of the opinion of “anything goes”.
It’s been stated that in Colophon, a city in Ionia, an ancient Greek settlement on the western coast of Anatolia, the pharmakos were chased around the town whilst being whipped with fig branches before being hurled from a cliff to drown.
Their bodies were then retrieved, burned and the ashes thrown into the sea or over the land to act as a fertilizer.
In reality this ancient ritual of “scapegoating” didn’t make any of the city’s problems go away.
However it did alleviate tensions which had been building up amongst the citizens, diverting possible outburst of anarchy and brought them reassurance that they still had the status of belonging to a group, here we go back to the herd mentality, mentioned at the beginning of the post.
The Thargelia
Tondo of an Attic red-figure cup by the Brygos Painter showing Apollo (left) and his sister Artemis (right) – ca. 470 BCE – Louvre – Paris
The ancient Greek annual festival, the Thargelia , principally an agricultural festival and one of the most important Athenian festivals, was held in honour of the divine archers; the twins, Apollo, the sun god and Artemis, goddess of the hunt and celebrated on their birthdays, the 6th and 7th of the month Thargelion (about May 24 and May 25).
The festival included many purifying rituals and offerings of the first-fruits of the earth, both in gratitude to the gods for their harvest and as a sort of “sweetner”, lest it came upon the gods to sabotage the harvest with extreme heat or pestilence.
By far though the most important ritual of the Thargelia was the sacrificing of a scapegoat or two, a custom thought to do away with any bad luck which may be hanging over the city.
Hipponax (late 6th century BC) an Ancient Greek poet, describes in detail for us in some of his works how on the day of the sacrifice, either two ugly men, or a man and a women, were chosen as scapegoats.
After a hearty feast of figs, barley soup, and cheese the couple were chased around the streets before being whipped with fig branches (care be taken that they were whipped seven times on parts of their bodies I would rather not mention), before being chased out of town.
In other accounts upon reaching the place on the shore where the sacrifice was to take place, the scapegoats were stoned to death, their bodies burnt and the ashes thrown into the sea.
In later years it’s said the scapegoat was thrown into the sea where men in boats were waiting to catch him and then escorted him out of the city.
Famous Scapegoats of Ancient Greece
Human sacrifice was rare in ancient Greece and regarded by most as barbaric, however, it did happen.
There are plenty of stories of human sacrifice in Greek mythology but now there is actual evidence, including a 3000 year old skeleton, found in a sacrificial ash pit during recent archaeological findings at Mount Lykaion in Arcadia.
A 3,000-year-old skeleton found in an ash mound at Mount Lykaion in Arcadia, southern Peloponnese region of Greece.
A ritual performed on Mount Lykaion involved the sacrifice and consumption of a youth, with the belief that consuming the flesh would transform the person into a wolf.
Other well-known Greek myths involving human sacrifice include:
Polyxena
Marble sarcophagus discovered on 1994 in the Granicus River valley, in the Province of Çanakkale depicting the sacrifice of Polyxena, daughter of the Trojan king Priam – dating to around 500–490 BCE – Çanakkale Archaeological Museum
Polyxena, daughter of King Priam of Troy, was sacrificed at the tomb of Achilles after the fall of Troy to appease his vengeful spirit.
Achilles son, Neoptolemus, performed the sacrifice by slitting Polyxena’s throat.
Her story became a symbol of the suffering of women and girls who become collateral damage in war.
While her mother, Hecuba, pleaded for her life, Polyxena chose to die as a sacrifice rather than live as a slave.
Iphigeneia
The Sacrifice of Iphigeneia, a depiction of a sacrificial procession on a mosaic from Roman Spain
Iphigenia, the daughter of King Agamemnon, was tricked by her own father into traveling to Aulis, where she was to be sacrificed to the goddess Artemis to appease the goddess and allow the Greek fleet to sail for Troy.
Agamemnon’s fleet was becalmed at Aulis due to the anger of Artemis, whom he had offended by boasting he could hunt better than she could.
The seer, Calchas , told Agamemnon that the only way to lift the winds was to sacrifice his daughter, Iphigenia.
Agamemnon lured Iphigenia to Aulis by telling her she was going to marry the hero Achilles.
The Athenian Youths
Athenian girls drawing lots to determine which seven among them shall be sent to Crete for sacrifice to the Minotaur – Jean-François Pierre Peyron
In the myth of Theseus and the Minotaur, every other year, King Minos of Crete, demanded a human tribute from Athens, requiring them to send seven boys and seven girls to Crete to be sacrificed to the Minotaur.
This was in retribution for the death of his son, Androgeos.
Today the Scapegoat is still taking the blame
Scapegoat by Jerry Bacik, Tarpon Springs, Florida.
Today the practice of sacrificing scapegoats is inconceivable, nevertheless, think about it for a minute; how many times does our society still try to lay the blame on someone else for whatever seems to be wrong with the World?
How often are immigrants, the homeless and people of different religions to us, in fact, anyone who is simply different to us, blamed and punished for what is not their fault?
The psychological justification of pharmakos, the scapegoat, is alive and kicking.
His Whipping Boy by Harold Morton Talburt.
May Day Celebrations in Greece
Even today, after sunset on the Eve of May Day, the ancient ritual of sacrificing a scapegoat is still celebrated in Greece.
Fire Jumping- Photo Proto Thema.
Village women gather together to build a bonfire, when the fire has been lit, they dance around it singing songs of May and spring.
At the end of the celebrations, as an act of absolution, people jump over the fire three times.
A human effigy, made from straw, is then thrown on the fire as a scapegoat in the belief that this will protect them against all evil, just as they believed thousands of years ago.
