Ancient Greek Origins of Saint Valentine’s Day
Eros (Cupid) – Detail the fresco “Triumph of Galatea,” by Raphael c.1512. Villa Farnesina, Rome
Not only is there a Greek connection to St. Valentine’s Day, according to some sources, the Greeks invented it, thousands of years ago, in Arcadia, Peloponnese, Greece.
In ancient Greece, at the beginning of spring, among the Mythical green meadows of Arcadia, where the God of nature and rustic music Pan, frolicked with the nymphs, wooing them with his magical pipe, there was held a festival, a ritual of spring cleaning.
This ritual, or festival, was called the Arcadian Lykia.
Happy Arcadia by Konstantin Makovsky. 1889 – 1890
The ancient Festival of the Arcadian Lykaia
(In Latin, the “Lupercalia”)
The Festival of the Arcadian Lykaia, held on the slopes of Mount Lykaion, “Wolf Mountain”, where the first werewolf originated, was celebrated around the fifteenth of February in ancient Greece, to honour the God Pan and to commemorate the day he founded his temple.
It was a day when the city was cleansed of evil spirits and people’s souls were purified, bringing health and fertility.
Modern Lykaia revived in 1973, the archaeological site of Lykaion Mount .
Photo Courtesy of https://www.mygreekheart.com/en/event-pro/lykaia-celebration-in-megalopoli/
Some sources claim this ancient Greek ritual, is actually Roman and was celebrated, on the same date, February fifteenth, as the ”Lupercalian” or “Lupercus”, either in honour to Lupa, the she–wolf, who suckled the orphans, Romulus and Remus, the founders of Rome, or, as in ancient Greece, a ritual cleansing of the soul.
The Romans also called the “Lupercalia” festival, “Februa” or “Februarius”, whence derives the name of the month February.
The Lupercalian Festival in Rome. (ca. 1578–1610), drawing by the circle of Adam Elsheimer.
In his works, the great Greek Philosopher, Plutarch, refers to the “Lupercalia”:
“Lupercalia, of which many write that it was anciently celebrated by shepherds, and has also some connection with the Arcadian Lycaea. At this time many of the noble youths and of the magistrates run up and down through the city naked, for sport and laughter striking those they meet with shaggy thongs. And many women of rank also purposely get in their way, and like children at school present their hands to be struck, believing that the pregnant will thus be helped in delivery, and the barren to pregnancy.”
As to whether the Arcadian Lykaia, originated in Ancient Greece or Rome, is not clear, however maybe the following myth explains how the idea came about.
Euandros Introduces the Romans to the Festival of “Arcadia Lykaia“
In Roman mythology, Evander or Euander was a deific culture hero from Arcadia, Greece, who brought the Greek pantheon, laws and alphabet to Italy, where he founded the city of Pallantium on the future site of Rome, sixty years before the Trojan War. He instituted the Lupercalia.
Euandros, (or Evander), son of Hermes, was said to have led ancient Greek colonists, from Pallantion, in Arcadia, to Rome, to the banks of the Tiber and built the city of Palatium, from which the Palatine Hill, in Rome, was said to have derived its name.
Here, Euandros introduced the Romans to the cult of Pan Lykaios and held The Festival of Arcadia Lykaia, which later became the Roman festival “Lupercalia”
Strabo, a Greek geographer, philosopher and historian (64 or 63 BC – c. 24 AD, writes that according to ancient legends, Rome is an Arcadian colony which was founded by Evandros, a hero from Arcadia, as the city of Pallantium.
Evandros was also thought to have introduced the Romans to the twelve Greek gods and invented the Latin alphabet.
After his death, Evandros was worshiped as a god by the Romans who built an altar in his honor on the Aventine hill.
The Aventine Hill. Rome. Italy.
How the “Lupercalia” Became Saint Valentine’s Day
As often happened, when Christianity reared its head, many pagan festivals were renamed, usually after saints, and so, in 496 AD, Pope Gelasius, so it is said, outlawed this pagan festival of “Lupercalian”, renaming it “The Feast of Saint Valentine”, to be celebrated on the fourteenth of February.
Another story goes, that in the eighteenth century, antiquarians and Roman Catholic priests; Alban Butler and Francis Douce, noticed that there was not much ado about Saint Valentine and so suggested the “Lupercalian” become “The Feast Day of Saint Valentine”.
Although The Greek Orthodox Church does not recognize Saint Valentine, people named Valentinos, or, the female, Valentina, do celebrate their Name Day on the fourteenth of February.
Who is the Real Saint Valentine?
Saint Valentine
Not much at all is known about St. Valentine, so little in fact, that in 1969, The Roman Catholic Church removed St. Valentine from the General Roman Calendar, however, he was still recognized as a saint.
Eleven different saints named Valentine are celebrated in the Catholic Church but only seven of them died on the fourteenth of February, the Feast Day of Saint Valentine.
The most popular St. Valentine, derived from the Latin word “Vale” or “Valens”, meaning worthy, was a priest from Rome, the former Bishop of Terni, in Umbria, central Italy, who, in 280 AD,(Or 269, 270 or 273, depending on source!) was beheaded, on the fourteenth of February, by the Emperor Claudius II, for refusing to deny Christ.
Some of Valentine’s other crimes, according to Emperor Claudius II, were, refusing to sacrifice to Pagan Gods, helping Christians who were being persecuted, and marrying Christians.
Legend has it, that St. Valentine, before having his head chopped off, outside the Flaminian Gate, now the Porta del Popolo, Piazza del Popolo, Rome, restored the sight and hearing of his jailer’s daughter, and left her a note, signed “Your Valentine”
After losing his head, St. Valentine was buried in the cemetery on the Via Flaminia, an ancient Roman road that crosses the Apennines, to Rimini, on the Adriatic coast.
Saint Valentine’s Relics
Where relics are concerned, it seems Saints had more arms, legs and skulls, than your common or garden human being.
Saint Valentine was no different, today, parts of him are to be found in at least ten 10 places claiming to house relics of St. Valentine around the world.
Saint Valentine’s Relics
Greece
The relic of Saint Valentine in the Catholic Church of Our Lady, Mytilene
The Greek connection again, in 1907 the relics of Saint Valentine, a gift from an Italian priest, found their way to Mytilene, capital of the Greek island of Lesbos, and are housed in the Roman Catholic Church of Our Lady
The relics of Saint Valentine remained there until 1990, when they were taken to Athens, to the church of Saints Francis and Clara of the Italian community.
In 2014, they were returned to Mytilene.
Saint Valentine’s Relics
Italy
St Valentine’s remains inside the San Valentino Basilica in Terni, Umbria
Relics of Saint Valentine are housed in the San Valentino Basilica in Terni, Umbria and in the Basilica of Saint Mary in Cosmedin, Rome.
Saint Valentine relic, Basilica of Saint Mary in Cosmedin, Rome, Italy
Saint Valentine’s Relics
Czech Republic
St. Valentine’s shoulder blade – Basilica of Saints Paul and Peter – Prague
In 2002, while cleaning out the basement of the Basilica of Saints Paul and Peter in Prague, several relics, one labeled as the shoulder blade of St. Valentine, were discovered.
It is thought to have been brought to Prague in the 1300s by Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV.
St. Valentine’s bone is now on permanent display and celebrated with a mass every February 14th.
Saint Valentine’s Relics
Ireland
Shrine of St Valentine, Whitefriar Street Church – Dublin
In Dublin, relics, exhumed from the catacombs of St. Hippolytus, on Via Tiburtina, Rome, were given to an Irish priest’ John Spratt, a famous preacher, as tokens of esteem following a sermon he gave in Rome.
The relics are housed in the Whitefriar Street Chapel, Dublin.
Saint Valentine’s Relics
Poland
Skull fragments of Saint Valentine – Church of St. Mary Assumption – Chelmo – Poland
Fragments of the skull, thought to be those of Saint Valentine, believed to have arrived in Chelmo during the Middle Ages, are kept in a 17th-century silver, dome-shaped reliquary, donated by Jadwiga of Czarnków Działyńska, in1630, are housed in the Church of St. Mary Assumption, in Chelmo, Poland.
Saint Valentine’s Relics
Scotland
Relics of Saint Valentine – Blessed st john Duns Scotus – Glasgow – Scotland
Bones from a forearm, thought to be relics of Saint Valentine, are kept in the Blessed John Duns Scotus Church in the Gorbals area of Glasgow, Scotland. They were donated to the Franciscans in 1868 by a French family and the relics were moved to their current location in 1993, with a dedicated shrine established on February 14, 1999.
Saint Valentine’s Relics
England
Saint Valentine’s relics – Birmingham Oratory – England
The Birmingham Oratory in England is home to so-called the relics of St. Valentine.
These relics were donated to the church by Cardinal John Henry Newman, who founded the Birmingham Oratory in 1849, as a bond of unity between Catholic England and Rome.
These relics are kept in a decorated coffin, inscribed with the words “Corpus Saint Valentine M” (Body of Saint Valentine Martyr) and is visible through a glass panel.
Saint Valentine’s Relics
Spain
The skull and various other bones, allegedly those of Saint Valentine – Saint Anthony’s church – Madrid – Spain
The skull and various other bones, allegedly those of Saint Valentine, discovered in some Roman catacombs at the end of the 18th century, were given to the king of Spain, Carlos IV, by the pope.
They were then passed on to Saint Anthony’s church in Madrid, where they remained and have been on public display since 1984.
Saint Valentine’s Festivals
La Fête du Baiser (Festival of the kiss)
Robert Doisneau – Kiss by the Hotel de Ville – 1950
In Roquemaure, Southern France, on the Saturday after St. Valentine’s Day, a tradition, begun by Father Rene Durieau in 1989, celebrates the arrival, in 1868, of the relics of St. Valentine.
Relics of Saint Valentine – Church of Roquemaure -Southern France
The relics are said to have been be bought in Rome, by a former local, in the hope they would cure the diseased grape vines, (which, within four years, is what happened).
Men dress as women, the women as priests, and spend the day kissing each other.
Today, Roquemaure is home to a winery, “Cellar St. Valentine”, which produces wine of the same name.
La Fête du Baiser (Festival of the kiss) – Roquemaure, Southern France – Saint Valentine’s Wine
Saint Valentine’s Keys
Saint Valentine’s Keys
On the fourteenth of February, at the Oratorio di San Giorgio Chapel, Moncelice, Padua, a St. Valentine’s ceremony is held, where small, gold key charms are handed out to children.
These key charms, called Valentine keys, are said to ward of epilepsy, as St. Valentine, as well as being the Patron Saint of Lovers and marriage, is also the Patron Saint of epilepsy, also known, for this reason, as St. Valentine’s affliction.
The key charms are also a romantic symbol, as an invitation, to unlock the giver’s heart.
Sailor’s Valentine
Sailor’s Valentine
Sailor’s Valentine’s are works of art, usually hexagonal, glass–fronted, hinged wooden boxes, decorated with symmetrical patterns, created entirely from sea shells.
The tradition seems to have originated somewhere between 1830 and 1890, in Barbados, an important sea port at the time, where most were bought in “The new Curiosity Shop”, located on McGregor Street, Bridgetown.
These exquisite boxes were bought by sailors, when away on voyages, to be taken home to their loved ones.
How I would love to be given one of these amazing trinkets, no wonder all the nice girls love a sailor!
Modern Saint Valentine’s Day Customs and Traditions
Valentine’s Day chocolates
Since the fourteenth century, in medieval Europe, St. Valentine’s Day has been associated with “Courtly love”, the stuff of medieval, literary fiction; stories about chivalry, nobility, and Knights in shining armour, rescuing damsels in distress.
“The father of English literature” Geoffrey Chaucer (1343-1400) played a great part in associating the fourteenth of February with romantic love, with his work
“Parlement of Foules” (Also known as “The Parliament of Birds”) a poem made up of approximately 700 lines, and contains the first reference to the idea that St. Valentine’s Day is a special day for lovers.
In the middle Ages, it was believed birds mated in mid-February, and so, birds became symbols of romance, and were linked to St. Valentine’s Day.
Love Birds. Doves
In 1797, a British publisher issued “The Young Man’s Valentine Writer”, soppy, sentimental verses, for young men, with their brains so addled by love; they were incapable of writing their own!
Printers, by now, were churning out cards and verses and “Mechanical Valentine’s”, paper Valentine’s with moving parts, while factories assembled cards made with real lace and ribbon, until paper lace was introduced in the mid nineteenth century.
Victorian Valentine’s card with real lace
In 1835, despite expensive postage, sixty thousand Valentine’s were sent by post in Britain, and, with the invention of postage stamps, the Penny Black, in 1840, and reduced postal rates, the number soared to four hundred thousand.
The postal system allowed Valentine’s to be sent anonymously, and is also held responsible, for the emergence of cheeky verses, in the then straight-laced Victorian England.
Victorian Valentine’s Card
The author, Charles Dickens, referred to the production of Valentine’s cards as; “Cupid’s manufacturer”, owing to the fact that three thousand women were employed in manufacturing the cards.
Today, in Britain, half the population spends money on Valentine’s; in 2015 one point nine billion pounds were spent on cards, flowers, chocolates and other Valentine gifts.
